We describe an alternative, experimentally simple solution and design a steady-state methyl (1)H CPMG scheme, where 90° or acute-angle (<90°) (1)H radiofrequency pulses are applied after each CPMG echo in-phase with methyl (1)H magnetization, resulting in the establishment of a steady-state for effective rates of magnetization decay. A simple computational procedure for quantitative analysis of the steady-state CPMG relaxation dispersion profiles is developed. The steady-state CPMG methodology is applied to two protein systems where exchange between major and minor species occurs in different regimes on the chemical shift Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520, Astrocytes are key homeostatic and defensive cells of the central nervous system (CNS). They undertake numerous functions during development and in adulthood to support and protect the brain through finely regulated communication with other cellular elements of the nervous tissue. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), astrocytes undergo heterogeneous morphological, molecular and functional alterations represented by reactive remodelling, asthenia and loss of function. Reactive astrocytes closely associate with amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in advanced AD. The specific contribution of astrocytes to AD could potentially evolve along the disease process and includes alterations in their signalling, interactions with pathological protein aggregates, metabolic and synaptic impairments. In this review, we focus on the purinergic receptor, P2X7R, and discuss the evidence that P2X7R activation contributes to altered astrocyte functions in AD. Expression of P2X7R is increased in AD brain relative to non-demented controls, and animal studies have shown that P2X7R antagonism improves cognitive and synaptic impairments in models of amyloidosis and tauopathy. While P2X7R activation can induce inflammatory signalling pathways, particularly in microglia, we focus here specifically on the contributions of astrocytic P2X7R to synaptic changes and protein aggregate clearance in AD, highlighting cell-specific roles of this purinoceptor activation that could be of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, sleep apnea in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. PURPOSE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is prevalent in the bariatric population. OSA should be recognized in patients undergoing bariatric surgery preoperatively to prevent peri- and post-operative complications. Lipid metabolism-related biomarkers are associated with OSA. Triglyceride metabolism is, among others, regulated by angiopoietin-like protein five (ANGPTL5). We aimed to evaluate the level of ANGPTL5 in patients with OSA of different severity levels before and after bariatric surgery. METHODS: We performed a single-center prospective cohort study including a consecutive series of patients who underwent bariatric surgery. parameters, and plasma derived via venipuncture before and 6 to 12 months after surgery. Lipid profile, glucose levels, and ANGPTL5 levels were assessed. Order now were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The study included 88 patients for analysis. The patients were divided into two subgroups: no or mild OSA (apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) < 15 events/hour, n = 57) and moderate-to-severe OSA (AHI ≥ 15 events/hour, n = 31). The ANGPTL5 level was higher in the moderate-to-severe OSA group (5 [6, 5] ng/mL) compared to the no or mild OSA group (3 [5, 4] ng/mL) (p = 008). A significant positive correlation was observed between ANGPTL5 and AHI (ρ = 256, p = 017), apnea index (AI) (ρ = 318, p = 003), and triglyceride levels (ρ = 240, both moderate-to-severe OSA (6 [3, 7] ng/mL) and no or mild OSA (4 [2, 8] ng/mL) groups, though to a lower level in the group without or mild OSA. Post-surgery, the significant positive correlation between ANGPTL5 and AHI (ρ = 210, p = 047), AI (ρ = 230, p = 034), and triglyceride (ρ = 397, p < 001) remained. CONCLUSION: The data showed increased levels of ANGPTL5 in patients with moderate-to-severe OSA. Both AHI and ANGPTL5 levels decreased significantly after bariatric surgery. We also report an association between Dasman, P. O. aloe emodin solubility , 15462, Kuwait City, Kuwait. Dasman, P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Kuwait City, Kuwait. Rapid over-activation of β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) following acute stress initiates cardiac inflammation and injury by activating interleukin-18 (IL-18), however, the process of inflammation cascades has not been fully illustrated. The present study aimed to determine the mechanisms of cardiac inflammatory amplification following acute sympathetic activation. With bioinformatics analysis, galectin-3 was identified as a potential key downstream effector of β-AR and IL-18 activation. The serum level of galectin-3 was positively correlated with norepinephrine or IL-18 in patients with chest pain.
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